Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by high sugars in the body due to either reduced secretion of insulin or insulin resistance (body cells do not respond properly to insulin). It should be differentiated from type 1 diabetes, which is seen in younger patients and is due to absolute deficiency of insulin in the body.

In insulin resistance, the post-meal sugar increases first, and later, the fasting sugar increases. There is also increased glucagon hormone in the body, which causes increased sugars. As time passes, the secretion of insulin gradually reduces, and later, most patients require insulin administration.

The symptoms of diabetes are increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and increased hunger. Many patients may not have symptoms and may remain undiagnosed for many years.

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Patients can have retinopathy affecting the eyes, neuropathy causing burning and tingling in the limbs, nephropathy in which kidneys are affected, ischemic heart disease or heart attack, stroke or paralysis affecting speech, peripheral vascular disease in which gangrene develops in the toes, chronic ulcers, and various limb deformities, etc.

Treatment

• First and foremost are lifestyle changes, which include losing weight if obese, doing exercise for at least 30 minutes per day, for at least 5 days a week.
  
• Taking small, frequent meals to prevent the spike of sugars, eating more lentils, legumes, and millets like jowar, bajra, and ragi.
  
• Reducing the intake of rice and wheat.
  
• Basically, any food or fruits whose glycemic index is less than 55 are good for diabetics.
  
• Oral medicines and insulin should be taken regularly and not missed.
  
• Visit the doctor regularly for proper maintenance of blood sugars.
  
• With proper lifestyle changes and regular medicines, any diabetic patient can lead a healthy life without complications.